thank you @duefoglie for tagging me in your reading list for 2021. here is a partial version of mine, I picked the titles I plan on reading early on in the year - I’m starting with europa 33 & of love and shadows right away, then we’ll see. I tag all my mutuals who want to do this! do tag me if you want, I’d love to see what you guys plan on reading this upcoming year.
HOLY SH*T. THEY FOUND NITROGEN-FIXING CORN BRED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN MEXICO. @botanyshitposts
“The study found the Sierra Mixe corn obtains 28 to 82 percent of its nitrogen from the atmosphere. To do this, the corn grows a series of aerial roots. Unlike conventional corn, which has one or two groups of aerial roots near its base, the nitrogen-fixing corn develops eight to ten thick aerial roots that never touch the ground.
During certain times of the year, these roots secrete a gel-like substance, or mucilage. The mucilage provides the low-oxygen and sugar-rich environment required to attract bacteria that can transform nitrogen from the air into a form the corn can use.
“Our research has demonstrated that the mucilage found in this Sierra Mixe corn forms a key component of its nitrogen fixation,“ said co-author Jean-Michel Ané, professor of agronomy and bacteriology in the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences at UW–Madison. “We have shown this through growth of the plant both in Mexico and Wisconsin.”
…
“
Researchers are a long way from developing a similar nitrogen-fixing trait for commercial corn, but this is a first step to guide further research on that application. The discovery could lead to a reduction of fertilizer use for corn, one of the world’s major cereal crops. It takes 1 to 2 percent of the total global energy supply to produce fertilizer. The energy-intensive process is also responsible for 1 to 2 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
“
I’ve written about this before, this is one of those ‘saving the planet’ levels of discovery. No joke.
if you’ve been here any length of time you will recall that I’m usually the killjoy over here going “there are no silver bullets.” And this has a long way to go before it’s actually of use to farmers, but IF that happens (and that’s still a BIG IF) this would be a legit Big Fucking Deal.
Two things make me hopeful that this will not just disappear into corporate-owned varieties: one, this research was largely done through two land grant universities. Over decades. This is what land grant universities are FOR: their stated purpose is to do useful shit that’s too unprofitable for corporate R&D to care about. They are exactly the people you want developing awesome new ag tech. Mars, Inc. is involved with this too, and I trust them…not at all, but they’re not Monsanto, so it could be worse.
The other thing is this, from the linked article:
The municipal authority and community in the isolated village in the
Sierra Mixe region were an integral part of this research project.
Biological materials were accessed and utilized under an Access and
Benefit Sharing (ABS) Agreement with the community and with permission
from the Mexican government. An internationally recognized certificate
of compliance under the Nagoya Protocol has been issued for such
activities.
The ABS Agreement was structured under the terms of the Nagoya
Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing, which is designed to ensure the
equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic
resources and contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity.
I don’t know the details of the Nagoya Protocol. But at the very least, this isn’t outright theft of indigenous technology for corporate profit. Someone has at least thought through an equitable way for the community that developed this trait over centuries of growing maize to benefit from its use.
Finally: this is (one reason) why it’s important to preserve local crop varieties (also called landraces). Most industrialized agriculture is incredibly homogeneous genetically. It’s from the landraces that people developed slowly for specific conditions that we can find new traits–this is an extreme example, but it’s common to find landraces that are resistant to certain pests and diseases.
Oh and one more thing: Zea mays aka maize aka corn aka “indigenous Mesoamericans were better crop breeders than anyone alive today, apparently” is the WEIRDEST FUCKING PLANT, WHAT THE FUCK.
Okay so now that I’ve actually poked around the literature a bit, more thoughts:
My
standards for “poor soil” are skewed by working in Africa, so what
these folks call “poor” seems pretty okay to me, but STILL, they’re
reporting 2000 kg/ha maize grain yield with no fertilizer inputs, from a
tall, slow-growing local variety. That is pretty good, in the context of
low-input agricultural systems on not-so-great soil. Which is a good sign that it’s possible to get decent yields even while the plant is spending extra energy on getting nitrogen.
This is actually not an obvious thing. Nitrogen
fixation is a collaborative effort between a plant and some clever
bacteria. The plant feeds the bacteria carbohydrates, the bacteria turns
N2 from the air into ammonia, which the plant can use to make proteins
(plants can’t use N2 directly because it’s too hard to break apart.
N-fixing bacteria have special skills). This is pretty cool, but it does
have a cost to the plant: carbohydrates that go toward feeding bacteria
can’t be put into grain or leaves. So if you can get nitrates and ammonia and whatnot directly from the soil, it’s not worth the extra effort to
feed all these hungry bacteria. That’s probably why this trait was bred out of most maize varieties around today, and why it’s unlikely that N2-fixing corn will
become widespread in, say, the US corn belt. As long as
fertilizer is cheap, it’ll be more profitable to let the plant focus on making grain and get the nitrogen elsewhere.
Nitrogen fixation is much more useful in places where fertilizer is
NOT cheap or easily accessible (like, say, most of Africa). But there’ll have to be a lot of breeding work done before
we can get varieties with the “makes goop for bacteria” genes but not the “grows
16 feet (5m) tall and that’s a waste of energy” genes and the “takes
8-9 months to reach maturity and that’s too long if it only rains for 4
months out of the year” genes.
That breeding work needs to be done by public organizations–universities,
national agricultural research services, the CGIAR–or else the profits will go to whatever corporation does it
first. Or, more likely, since poor farmers aren’t considered a
profitable target market, there won’t be nitrogen-fixing
varieties that are appropriate to the wide range of smallholder growing
conditions. In the US, this means the USDA and USAID and NSF funding. Long-term funding, because crop breeding is slow (yes, even with genetic engineering).
Finally, some information about where and who this variety comes from: the Sierra Mixe region of Oaxaca is named for
the Mixe people who live there (who call themselves Ayuukjä'äy). The
Mixe/Ayuukjä'äy were never conquered. Not by the Zapotecs, not by the
Aztecs, not by the Spanish. When peoples are conquered, culture is often
destroyed (not “lost”–deliberately destroyed). Agriculture is part of
culture. Conquest and colonization have costs we don’t even know how to
count.
It would be a grand thing for me if my followers on Tumblr learned to regard engineered grasses, like maize, with the deep dread and awe and delight that we might find in contemplating the infinite
ROBBIE scrambles down a ladder and finds himself at the foot of
a giant screen where the huge face, full of doomed melancholy,
of Jean Gabin leans forward to kiss the shining lips of Michèle
Morgan in Quai des Brumes. As Gabin kisses her a second time,
ROBBIE, dwarfed by the enormous black-and-white image, buries
his face in his hands.
when naomi shihab nye wrote, “if you tuck the name of a loved one / under your tongue too long / without speaking it / it becomes blood,” v. when sylvia plath wrote, “in this light the blood is black. tell me my name.”
